Showing 1 to 50 of 967 lexemes.

Lexeme Part of Speech Modern English Form Sense ON Etymon Summary Category PGmc Ancestor Other Scandinavian reflexes Occurrences  
irked v. irk ‘wearied, irked (impers.)’ yrkja ‘to work, till, cultivate; make verses, compose; (reflex.) take effect’ DD1c (1) *wurkjan- runic Norw worahto, orte, runic Dan w[u]r[t]a, runic Sw wurte, urti, Far yrkja, Icel yrkja, Norw yrkja, Dan dial. ørke, OSw yrkia, Sw yrka Gaw 1573 View
raþeled v. rathel

?'entwined'

(2) raða ‘to set in order’

DD1c

(2) Far raða, Icel raða, Norw rada, Sw rada

Gaw 2294

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rokked v. rock

‘burnished, made clean by rolling under pressure’

(2) hrukka ‘wrinkle’ 

DD1

(1)*ruk(k)-; (2) *xrunkwōn

(1) ?Icel rokka, Norw rokke, Dan rokke, Sw dial rocka, rucka (2) Far rukka, Icel hrukka, Norw rukke, Dan rynke, OSw runkia, Sw rynka

Gaw 2018

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ruþes v. ruthe

‘bestir, rouse’

(1) ryðja ‘to clear, make room, strip; challenge’; (2) hryðja 'to clear; to challenge (legal); to throw, toss upon' 

D1c

(1) *ruð-; (2) *xruð- or *xruþ-

(1) Far ryðja, Icel ryðja, Norw rydja, Dan rydde, Sw rödja, röja; (2) Far ryðja, Icel hryðja

Gaw 1558; Cl 895, 1208

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snitered v. snitter

?‘came shivering down’

(2) cp. snið (n.) ‘slice’

DD1c

(2) *snitt-

 (1) Norw dial snitra; (2) Far snið, Icel snið, Norw snid, ODan snid, sned, MSw snidh, Sw dial sned 

Gaw 2003

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sprit v. sprit

‘sprang, started’

(3) spretta ‘to make spring up, unloose; rip up’; (4) sprita ‘to sprawl 

DD1c

(2) *sprutjan-; (3) *sprantjan-; (4) *sprīð-  

(3) Far spretta, Icel spretta, Norw spretta, Dan sprætte, Sw spritta, sprätta, Sw dial sprinta; (4) Far sprita, Icel sprita, Norw sprita

Gaw 2316

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stayned v. stain

'coloured'

(2) steina 'to stain, colour, paint' 

D1

(2) *stain-

Far steina, Icel steina, Norw steina, Dan stene, OSw stena

Gaw 170

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taysed v. teise

'harassed, driven'

D1c

(1a) *taisjan-; (2) *taisjan- 

(2) Dan dial tǣse, tēse, Sw dial tēsa

Gaw 1169

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trantes v. trant

'practices cunning, dodges'

DD1c

(1) *trand-; (3) *tranata-

(2) Dan dial trante, Sw dial tranta; (3) Icel tranta, Norw tranta

Gaw 1707

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wapped v. wap 'rushed, blew (in gusts), flung' vappa ‘to waddle’  DD1c (1) *wap- (1) Far vappa, Icel vappa, Dan dial vappe, Sw dial vapp Gaw 1161, 2004; Cl 882; WA 2226 View
atwappe v. atwape, atwappe

'escaped'

vappa ‘to waddle’ 

DD1c

(1) *wap-

(1) Far vappa, Icel vappa, Dan dial vappe, Sw dial vapp

Gaw 1167; Cl 1205

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biwyled v.

'deluded'

(4) vél (n.) ‘wile, device, trick’, cp. véla ‘to defraud, trick’

DD1

(1) *wīl-; (2) wīgel-; (4) ?*wihl

(4) Far væl, Icel vél, Norw vēl, MSw väl

Gaw 2425

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byled v. (1) boil; (2) bellow; (3) boil

(1) ‘boiled, bubbled’; (2) ‘resounded’; (3) ‘swelled, rose’

(2) bylja ‘to resound, echo’ 

DD2

(2) *buljan-; (3) *būljō-

(2) Far bylgja, Icel bylgja, Norw bylgja, Dan bølge, Sw bölja

Gaw 2082

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clambere v. clamber

(1) ‘to cluster’; (2) ‘to clamber’

(1) klambra ‘to clamp or pinch together’

DD2

*klamb-r-

(1) Far klombra, Icel klambra, Norw klemb(r)a 

Gaw 801, 1722

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costez v. coast

(1) ‘coasts, passes by the side of’; (2) ‘gives (full bright) quality to’; (3) ‘drives’

(2) kostr ‘condition, choice, opportunity (etc.)’; (3) kasta ‘to cast, throw’

DD2

(2) *kustiz or *kustuz; (3) *kastō(j)an-

(2) Far kostur, Icel kostur, Norw kost, ODan kost, OSw koster; (3) Far kasta, Icel kasta, Norw kasta, Dan kaste, Sw kasta

Gaw 1696

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daylyeden v. dally

(1) ‘trifle, make (courtly) love; converse, contend, dispute’; (2) ‘bandy pleasantries’

(2) deila ‘to divide, apportion’ (etc.); ‘to contend, quarrel’

DD2

(2) *dail-

(2) Far deila, Icel deila, Norw deila, Sw dela

Gaw 1114; Pe 313

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draueled v. dravel

(1)  ‘muttered (in sleep)’; (2) ‘drawled’

(1a) drafl (n.) ‘nonsense, foolish talk/conduct’, cp. drafa ‘to mumble, say (something) indistinctly’,

DD2

(1) *draƀ-; (1b) *draƀil- or *draƀulō(j)an-

(1a) Icel drafl, Dan dravel, Sw dravel; Icel drafla, Norw dravla 

Gaw 1750

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laucyng n., v. (1) lance; (2) loosing

(1) (forlancyng) ‘throwing out’ (pres. ptcp.);  (2) (laucyng) ‘loosening’ (vbl. n.)

(2) lauss (adj.) ‘loose, free (etc.)’ 

D2

(2) *lausa-

(2) Far leysur, Icel laus, Norw laus, Dan løs, Sw lös

Gaw 1334

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neme v. (1) nim; (2) nemn

(1) (a) ‘took’ (pret. pl.), (b) ‘take’ (pres. pl.); (2) ‘name’ (pres. pl.; neme for, ‘name as’)

(1) nema ‘to take’

DD2

(1) *neman-; (2) *namnjan-

(1) Far nema, Icel nema, Norw nema, ODan nimmæ, Dan nemme, OSw næma, nima, Sw dial nimma

Gaw 1347

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raged adj., v. ragged (1) ‘ragged, shaggy’; (2) ‘hoar-frosted’ (1a) raggaðr 'provided with tufts, shaggy', rǫgg 'tuft, shagginess, strip of fur' D2 (1a) *raww-; (1b) *rag-; (2) *hrag- (1a) Icel raggaður, Norw ragget, raggad, OSw raggotter; Icel rögg, Norw ragg, ODan, OSw rag, Sw ragg; (2) Icel hragla, Sw dial ragg, ragga, Dan ræg, Dan dial (Jutlandic) rag Gaw 745; WA 5133 View
rykande v. ring

(1) ‘commanding’; (2) ‘noisy’; (3) (*raykande) ‘loud, strong’; (4) (*rynkande) ‘ringing’

(1) ríkja ‘to reign, rule’; (3) reika ‘to wander, take a walk, swagger’; (4) hringja 'to ring bells'

DD2

(1) *rīkja-; (2) *kreig or *krig-; (3) *raikō(j)an-; (4) *xrenʒjan-

(1) Far ríkja, Icel ríkja, Norw rikja, MSw rikja; (3) Far reika, Icel reika, Norw reika

Gaw 2337

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rimed v. rime

Reflex., in phrase rimed hym: (1) ‘cleared his throat’; (2) ‘drew himself up’

(1b) rymja ‘to roar, cry out with a hoarse voice’

DD2

(1a) and (2) *rūmjan-

(1a) Dan rømme sig, ODan rym(m)æ, Norw rømme, OSw ryma; (1b) Far rymja, ryma, Icel rymja, OSw rymia

Gaw 308

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schifted v. (1) shift; (2) shaft

(1) (*schifted) ‘shifted, declined’; (2) (MS schafted) (a) ‘beamed, shone forth’, (b) ‘set’

(1) skifta, skipta ''to order, arrange'

DD2

(1) *skiptian- or *skipatjan-; (2) *skaft-

(1) Far skifta, Icel skipta, skifta, Norw skifta, ODan skiftæ, Dan skifte, Sw skifta

Gaw 1467

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skayned v.

‘grazed’

skeina ‘to scratch, wound slightly’

A1

*skainjan-

Far skeina, Icel skeina, Norw skeina, skjene, Sw dial skäin'

Gaw 2167

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slokes n., v. slock

(1) (a) (v., imp. pl.) ‘stop, enough!’, (b) (v., pres. 2 sg.) ‘you are dawdling’, (c) (n., pl.) ‘stops’ (bot ~, ‘without stops, continuously’);  (2) (v., pres. 2 sg.) ‘thou remainest idle, inactive’.

(1) slokinn ‘slaked, extinguished’; (2a) sloka ‘to slop’; (2b) slókr ‘a slouching fellow’

D2

(1) *sluk- ; (2a) *sluk-; (2b) *slōk- (cp. *slaka-)

(1) Icel slokinn, OSw slukin; (2a) Icel sloka; (2b) Icel slókur, Norw slōk, Sw slok, Jutland slog; cp. (v.) Norw dial slōka, Sw sloka

Gaw 412

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*sparred v. (1) spar; (2) speed

(1) (*sparred) ‘sprang’;  (2) (*sped(e) (him)) ‘hastened’

(1a) sparra 'to stretch out (the legs)’, sperrask ‘to struggle (by putting the feet out)’; (1b) sparra ‘to raise the spars in a house; to stretch out the legs like rafters’, sperrask ‘to struggle by putting the feet out like spars’

DD2

(1a) *sparrjan-; (1b) *sparr-; (2) *spōdi-

(1a) Far sperra, Icel sperra, Norw sperra, Dan spærre, Sw spärra

Gaw 1444

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twynnen v. twine

(1) (pp.) ‘twined, plaited’ (or pres. pl. 'twine, plait');  (2) (pres. pl.) ‘match’

(1) tvinni ‘twine, twisted thread’; (2) tvennr (tvinnr) cp. 'two-fold, twin, in pairs'

D2

*twizn-

(1) Icel tvinni, Dan tvinde, Sw tvinna; (2) Far tvinnur, Icel tvennur, Norw tvinn, tvenne, ODan tvinnæ, tvænnæ, Dan tvende, OSw tvænne, tvinn-, Sw tvenne

Gaw 191

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vnhap (2) n., v. unhap

(1) (n.) ‘misfortune’; (2) (v., infin.) ‘to unfasten’

(1) óhapp ‘bad fortune’

DD2

(1) *xap(p)-; (2) *haf-, *hasp-, or *haft-

(1) Far happ, Icel happ, Norw happ, Sw dial happ; (2) Far hefta, Icel hefta, Norw hefta, Dan hefte, Sw häfta 

Gaw 2511

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vphalt adj., v. uphold

(1) ‘lifted up’;  (2) ‘raised, i.e. high’

(2) halla ‘to lean, turn, sway, swerve’ (or hala 'pull')

DD2

(1) *xaldan-; (2) *xalþōjan- or *xalōjan-

(2) Far halla, Icel halla; Far hála, Icel hala, Norw hala, Dan hale

Gaw 2079

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waytez v. wait

(1) ‘looks’; (2) ‘treats (him) with anger, i.e. behaves angrily’

(2) veita ‘to grant, give’

DD2

(1) *waxt-; (2) *waitjan-

(2) Far veita, Icel veita, Norw veita, OSw veta

Gaw 2289

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weue v.

(1) ‘to go, pass, move to and fro; surge, swing; bring; offer, show (honour); give’; (2) ‘to weave, i.e. contrive’

(1) cp. veifa ‘to wave, vibrate, pull (trans.)’

D2

(1) *waiƀjan-; (2) *weƀan-

(1) Icel veifa, Norw veiva, Sw veva

Gaw 1976 2359; Pe 318, 976; Cl 422, 453, 857

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ʒayned v. yain

‘met, greeted’

gegna ‘to meet, pay, discharge, be fitting, signify’

CCC3a

*gagnjan-

Far gegna, Icel gegna, Norw gjegna, Dan gjenne, Sw dial gena

Gaw 1724

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nar v.

'are not'

cp. eru 'are'

CCC5

*ne + *ar-

Gaw 2092

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bycalle v. becall

'call upon, summon'

kalla ‘to call, cry, shout; send for; say; claim; name’

C1a

*kall- or *kalz-

Far kalla, Icel kalla, Norw kalla, Dan kalde, Sw kalla

Pe 913, 1163
 

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forbrent v.

'burned up'

brenna 'to burn (intrans. and trans.)'

C2ac

*ƀrennan- or *ƀrannjan-

Far brenna, Icel brenna, Norw brenna, Dan brænde, Sw brinna; Far brenna, Icel brenna, Norw brenna, ODan brænnæ, Dan brænde, OSw bränna, Sw bränna

Pe 1139

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reget n., v.

(1) (v.) ‘get again, redeem’, ?(2) (n.) ‘that which is given up’ (3) (*refet) (v.) ‘refresh’

(1) geta 'get, engender'

DD2

(1) *getan-

(1) Far gita, Icel geta, Norw gita, gjeta, Dan gide, OSw gita, gæta, Sw gitta, Sw dial gäta

Pe 1064

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outsprent v. sprent

‘gushed forth’

(1) spretta ‘to make spring up, unloose; rip up’

DD1c

(1) *sprant-jan-; (2) *sprang-jan-

(1) Far spretta, Icel spretta, Norw spretta, Dan sprætte, Sw sprätta

Pe 1137

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caggen v. (2) cadge

'tie up'

(1) kǫgurr (n.) ‘quilt’

DD1c

(1) *kag-

(1) Icel kögur, Sw dial kaghring, kafring

Pe 512; Cl 1254; WA 1521

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gesse v. guess 'conceive, form an idea, believe, suppose, imagine, intend, judge etc.' C2a *get- Norw dial gissa, Dan gisse, Sw gissa, cp. Icel gizka Pe 499; WA 577, 990, 2071 etc. View
keue v.

'to sink (down)'

kefja 'to dip, put under water'

DD1c

*kwaƀjan-

Icel kefja

Pe 320, 981

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lygyngeʒ n., v.

'dwellings'

liggja (v.) ' to lie'

DD2ac

*legjan-

Far liggja, Icel liggja, Norw liggja, Dan ligge, Sw ligga

Pe 935

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raue v.

'to go astray'

DD1c

(1) Icel ráfa, Norw rava

Pe 665

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schere v. shear

(1) 'to cut; meander along'; (2) 'make bright or pure'
 

(2) skǽrr 'bright, clear'

DD2

(1) *skeran-; (2) *skairi-

(2) Far skærur, Icel skær, Norw skjær, ODan skiær, Dan skær, OSw skær, Sw skär

Pe 165, 213

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schowted v. shouted

'raise a loud cry, insult with shouts'

skúta 'a taunt'

B1

*skūt-

Pe 877; WA 929

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stote v.

'halt, stop'

stytta 'to cut short'

DD1c

?*staut- or *stut-
 

Far stytta, Icel stytta, Norw dial stytta, ODan stunte, OSw stynta

Pe 149

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sulp v.

'defile, pollute'

DD1c

cp. Far søpla, Norw søpla; Norw dial sulpa

Pe 726; Cl 15, 550, 1130, etc.

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tyne v. tine, tyne

'to lose, destroy, ruin'

týna 'to lose, destroy'

C3

*teunjan-

Far týna, Icel týna, Norw tyna, Dan tyne, Sw. dial tyna

Pe 332; Cl 216, 775, 907; Pat 500, 505; WA 903, 2683, 2784 etc.

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þrete v.

'to wrangle'

þræt(t)a 'to wrangle'

CC3

*þranxtjan-, or *þraut-

Far træta, Icel þrætaþrætta, Norw trætta, ODan thrættæ, Dan trætta, OSw þræ(t)a, Sw träta

Pe 561

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swangeande adj., v.

(1) 'swirling'; (2) 'pretty, pleasant' or 'slow'

(2) svangr 'slender, slim, thin'

DD2

(1) *swang-; (2) *swanga- or *swangra-

Far swangur, Icel swangur, Norw svang, Dan svang, Sw dial svång(er)

Pe 111

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trylle v. trill

'quiver' or 'turn, spin'

BB2a

*trill-

Norw trille, Norw dial trilla, ODan trijlæ, Dan trille, Sw trilla

Pe 78; Erk 322

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Etymology